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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old+ R+ C2 p0 C5 I7 g, G
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! K8 O, i% I* c$ Y  N
Exposure to Testosterone% w' }/ }: v) H* u9 ^% I, B
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- x, D% T/ j1 b6 Pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 i* s" H; O: ^0 u1 e! e. b
Clinical Pediatrics
/ x; B5 J  x; X+ E" NVolume 46 Number 6
7 ?, u6 Z1 b: N0 e& |July 2007 540-5438 x1 a! ^9 \$ h9 d3 U
© 2007 Sage Publications% p9 N$ y9 ^0 k; o! U5 i: O1 F+ i) Q
10.1177/0009922806296651# o; i# ?7 d( Q3 M% Y
http://clp.sagepub.com0 V5 P7 ?$ H2 H4 R
hosted at
0 a' i" o' O+ q4 b: _/ ^http://online.sagepub.com
% ]8 J: E/ Z1 W5 [9 aPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 r$ q$ n0 h- Y( C% V+ Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central& n2 q' f/ u# O( E6 K" G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, M4 W3 P1 G! @
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 V" U9 f4 o# y0 q3 ]( {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; k* f  e& l- O4 d& c0 X
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ i3 M) H' m8 ~" a
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 w" E8 Y7 P; ^% \. `hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) w" s4 K' ~" @3 k! Q" k- lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 z0 ]; k3 r, {- Z- G& q% d, ^4 w, ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" a) T- U1 Z; ~# \( Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! ]# R9 y4 M' }& P$ g$ S& K' rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) i: t! t- S1 Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: N% g: }1 x: S+ S/ f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 z+ b3 N  ?  k) U% ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 M5 |$ V9 R) u: m2 \" w8 P+ L0 e# l) p$ Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 |* @# c" n5 y7 v* v6 a+ `testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 V. f* ^6 Z* M7 Z: F
bly more common than the rare case report in the( H5 T) {/ u* N- ~: R
literature.43 }! ?# ?$ r: F( U2 q6 E6 s
Patient Report- W8 c) S1 d2 ^9 ]
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% j) k/ T4 {6 c3 f1 l/ O4 t
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 t0 w. m/ m6 j0 {3 Cof early sexual development. His mother noticed3 m6 M0 }: T# y& s" |  x: j
light colored pubic hair development when he was, g. b  f0 [. O, @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. i2 `6 M9 j2 d% v" F4 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( [: ^; ?& t/ L& H2 v/ [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' \0 {; \. m" W" jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& d$ i5 d& q5 q" U
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. B+ b6 F5 Z/ e$ }
e-mail: [email protected].
+ M, J9 b" A7 A8 v6 Y, B7 oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# W3 A/ t, V, }- Gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% ]+ M9 c' X% Y+ W+ M9 p: v- i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& }2 P  ~5 ^2 Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ W8 s& \& C. l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 P- ]2 v4 V' `5 I% \  u: J6 |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 I8 y: u; e- B+ J) W) }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ }5 l" k5 x( {% J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* Z; \- D/ K* F) Band his psychosocial and psychomotor development- e: F8 t+ p" D) P7 N
was age appropriate., z/ b- i# E9 a" C% U
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 a& {- b; v# H- L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; f8 p/ N5 T4 U! I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: d7 X- X0 m! |; J+ p; `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. k, M+ ?. |( F. w- t8 R* Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 ]3 d9 j& R" g' y) E0 H! rThe father denied taking any other medication. The' o1 H& N/ w# y$ C7 T0 K; ]
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 w2 s! H: I" h) |% I+ b
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ V+ g1 e+ }# M3 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% L! _7 W" l2 L  jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! L: Q; J9 o7 [4 dtives. There were no siblings.
9 Z4 g0 l$ M$ L! \' d' APhysical Examination, E) u) G( r% P# i+ w
The physical examination revealed a very active,% L1 _0 z$ C' [$ s
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( ~' v1 w$ K5 V. |6 X. ]. v$ [8 U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) B( L4 z: N! y& Z/ `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 h$ g5 ?0 Q/ B5 d% C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  ~  p2 q4 H, h9 k
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! z) n! P5 s( Z8 Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" `' @, |( J  W8 \/ s* P& ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" q/ c- P9 S6 W6 v7 d0 yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 t( W1 @: G6 ]( a8 x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 n  Q" V- Z+ [+ ?: h  L( p: M
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( y( G7 N% g' J( H  k540' O6 A$ q3 R7 e+ e  `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* d+ t% C# w9 |' e/ y" e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 Q% Z! D5 ?5 T$ u* {" y0 K0 X3 Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( R4 D4 m0 s; W6 q; r) WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ z, h; o- T* _oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; p1 S7 x8 {. X+ P1 B3 z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 g, \6 ^( g2 B9 d6 e% y, W7 h
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 Y# p+ g0 ~- t6 ^+ xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* g( L. n4 J& p' K1 S7 kof papilledema.* K% N, F  D- G" e% n# K. ~, _6 A
Laboratory Evaluation/ w+ o, K, R5 i" ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( t- r  i. d* W. ~4 L! Y0 l. z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 L+ q' H9 D- Mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# P! Q) {3 T- ?5 B; V* qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' P3 a, X9 z7 Y+ e+ Z3 J9 J+ W4 Tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 S' W3 k3 p' {2 O7 v8 _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 Z8 E# e, K4 W4 X; ^0 @8 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ o6 z. d  I3 r  e. g( n$ turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 X6 o. C8 \$ b- x4 ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& U; `9 t) w: y; ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 B1 G% u9 h% v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ \% B9 ?! q: b- M
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 W/ B- ]! Z1 c8 _+ z7 i% |# Iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( q/ T9 x; m5 K) U. V/ Tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* t& Z1 z- k' f; b, B49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 Z. ^; I: I! S6 R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* s9 l" v/ e$ D! Ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! B: D4 S7 W+ D- H1 O  [" a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
  G! L8 g  u; e, Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' I  z4 M# L, G$ d; f1 s3 }
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) X* u- r8 N7 b( K9 B+ p; N- D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 F( k3 r# i) O; _6 ~concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ l: A6 V2 ]' e" R2 ?+ ^
(prepubertal).' |* D3 B% i( Y! I( B
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 \8 v4 Q. ~; w: W) S/ m
results and were informed that all of the tests were
( H6 v& A$ I3 ]normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ D) \" g' j/ H0 q  Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& v$ \$ M7 @( Z1 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 g% L6 _1 ]- b+ R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 V; l8 D6 y, c2 `& Z. W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) U9 J) u# u+ a
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ T. }5 `; f3 e, ?: T7 B5 R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  d" C! D5 [5 ]% w5 E9 H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 }9 r: j3 V, y5 opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" m* l& u9 @( Y( r2 K9 ^
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& O: M( ?2 M  o" hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" m' m; l* Y9 C9 b" c% u. TThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( y4 U( P1 Q! c( Z# y9 @2 P" r+ Ding frequent erections.8 U; f* Z' I  k- z; x) W
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 A, E) j5 h% a0 L$ {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# {, z; C4 e1 q( F( k  G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' i! ]" V9 a0 x, ?4 oTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 d0 x; G8 C1 |- `$ |: Uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( @* r# C8 r4 J' v) j8 D3 _ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 Z0 r) t3 n% f% |3 Na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ y, X0 _. N( s, @- C. G, Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ K6 t% s! U; d4 |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- |& R5 Q( S  Z; Ksecondary to depression.9 H( Y# B& T6 S
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. [* x  u4 S5 A8 B9 P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ L* s3 h- w; {4 [3 C9 d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# f4 G; g( @5 anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 q' B! b/ v0 \$ V$ rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,* X0 y" M2 I2 O( q# _' u+ d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, m6 j% _6 h% I' x6 q7 G5 W  [
was high, he then read the product information
7 y! d5 T  @# d8 Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 E/ A2 y6 H- J  `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( W1 j$ V( v5 G9 l3 c2 K+ @$ ~0 R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. _6 c- S/ ?) q" hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* R* b1 e# }( S. w. M5 Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 f1 b. ?# b* N7 e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 B* s) Y% Y1 c( @) c, k$ K
laboratory to obtain the test.
& A- d2 c$ E4 w' z6 F) j' yDiscussion! ~- [# C) e* t( Z, R+ D' O& d1 S, @
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% X; S( p9 y  ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 @' e) y7 R0 ?  d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 j2 ^; [$ q4 Q* v- m' y. |
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. }+ d- @, ?% `; f6 M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! A. e# i& o$ |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& m3 z4 n/ D) x5 R, B9 ]0 u( V- kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) N1 ^7 U9 @( i( X8 }3 P1 T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! T& ~3 V/ L. {0 n7 D* @( G% t, ?, Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' o+ F$ z; i% N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- D- ^: ]( K/ `boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
& u& I8 Q7 y; n: ?ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  ]8 X. {. o- \
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) `, d/ G# a  F4 A
gonadotropins.1,3
; x8 v, x" u6 P/ F. ~$ ~& BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 y! `, G* r0 Q# r: hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: b# `; Z9 @& @# z7 v% n
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 U2 h8 F3 M& C  n6 w! Lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 s1 \# a* j+ B0 Julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! Q. h5 A1 [- i) t) t5 Gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. b5 R! }% v( [# k- D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ X5 n: j4 L0 s  Y5 _# O
puberty in boys.3,4  B' o" H: {& j/ }- a
The most common form of congenital adrenal( `) z0 ?1 p8 Z1 u) O5 w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% O+ h8 a5 y1 s( P+ |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
7 h5 i/ R" j- j: d5 i( xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, c- |) ?- E# k+ e+ ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ s4 b$ Y* o) ^, b
excess.1,3
$ c0 [) H8 `7 J7 r8 Y% oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( g! b: T' r* \0 S  [. O542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' t  ?2 B5 L, e6 C+ ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) T0 Y4 ~  b% A' G& Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 t# w/ M4 s7 L) X; tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ e6 v6 r8 g' j7 c4 o" `5 Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& Y" s# F2 B1 H0 [7 K* L3 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ @$ L0 g- v1 O6 {0 B; b* K4 f* [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* F+ ]  ^) _8 i& i+ V' c
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' s/ L: v* ~0 `2 n4 e+ j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' B1 \. ~6 g. n" j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" m3 L/ n& W* V+ D. d6 g4 [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 Z: G9 j' v8 Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only! W6 D8 @3 i1 s- ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family
+ A) M  q; H9 e4 ?3 `2 @may have similar precocious puberty.3! z0 j* y) d$ o7 e$ p
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
) v) d- W/ b; d5 i# \5 qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ B. V" }- [& @; ~! mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Z  `5 O8 Q, P5 a4 i  X% R3 C
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) n$ V8 z! B# p1 j: ?, l- }( Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 ]$ K9 [- S" y# {testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' e) i5 Y! B; J& K2 e& cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 l0 d) u+ t9 \) Z4 Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 T2 z* m7 [; i( [" M+ hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 [% I0 \! X& K7 E" D' V- teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 p# i4 J8 ?4 _3 g& ]  Udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 P3 n& B, L8 K9 [! B8 D7 bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 m$ f; D2 ]) t0 I" B$ v6 w
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 E/ l. g; ^/ K) ~! d- r$ j+ ?* w! `
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' j) z+ L+ v: @1 f7 X6 Ythe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! E5 s; Y- p4 X* t% q2 a
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 m8 F) H, X5 G0 F4 w
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ M! x3 z4 J% I
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) U0 O& Q& X+ m) W+ S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 [6 @0 W% y5 a- Z* T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 p. |# L4 I' ]6 v8 {$ i6 \( I# ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ @( ]/ w2 a" y6 A; bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 J* [  i0 h6 W$ e0 c3 x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 l/ C- T$ Z, T  e+ \baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 O; {7 z6 G( p* Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( I/ [" R( G9 j5 t4 R. o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 e# o1 e" u4 Q1 Z5 y; r# Z( c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# |  j9 x' ?- D2 ?5 g
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" m" T3 g/ W: R* P4 S5 ]which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 k, S/ }. U( v$ }3 O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 `. z; \- ^) r; v, S& C5 qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more0 g2 X3 S' X4 P, p8 P
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 e8 ~2 \0 E. ^( l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 U: E" t, n3 n1 D( q8 B( ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 L( Y" v% W8 y+ J) Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 Q1 J9 S8 m$ z9 f9 u# G( ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& C% @2 d! h2 w# A$ y7 H5 yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 I: T, g& c+ t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' y, _+ W9 U% _& g" E( d* }
early childhood on pubertal development and final8 a. [1 M: t; i3 ]' o/ l
adult height are not fully known and always remain+ N* X) f( C7 X- H9 j- y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- \- z, F. b% |% B  N' ~* K; M6 S9 r1 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 A: _1 S! x& q. ?6 b9 u( B7 p7 W
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, L& Z0 {: T# f' j/ Z
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. w4 Z3 ]' T# @4 t+ P" x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" {! V0 @7 }+ d. n$ i- fThere are conflicting reports and controversy
% s! V# `& v& M% k# i% gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( h9 ?- d5 f% l6 e. ]1 }8 b1 ^7 Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- X' e) z" l) E. X2 S
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ R- U( S9 G- P) `0 @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: L# @. H0 F5 q! i: d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 A  {' e! P- ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 r  W6 {4 z/ V# F
penile length in clinical studies.
$ n( ?. J- b2 `) G7 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' X2 m/ ]  S. ^1 ]  T. }* kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- ~4 @9 X! U! H: r5 L* n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! g4 @' |4 N6 `+ U9 Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# R; B4 ~2 `  e3 [+ g3 RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
) |1 W8 a& s) u' s: Wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at7 M5 Q: [5 y' M5 Y- }$ p! Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult5 y+ h6 |/ H, {2 O" C2 r
height will not be affected.4 p, m: h" B# v7 f8 A% z4 N/ `  c
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 p# b  g- [* O+ d
ability of androgen products in our society may2 f+ R3 M5 K5 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female  f5 F# W7 {7 j. H; K) ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 u& B) w* j, U! f: i( |
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- K! o8 W* m; I
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 Q  q  C( C: c# C7 T  r3 Mgel should be asked of the family members during
8 q9 o  `( S4 Y9 sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" N! N: G# T# n: h4 ?1 ^ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; \# Z! q4 g5 V8 N: R
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, P& B+ h' c$ B+ H
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" Z/ M+ _1 H! `( w5 F2 v3 s5 U3 `( Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 y$ [. N6 f  [/ |8 N& W  c8 yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive  h1 T* ?2 b& H5 K3 |& ^. P/ M
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ }4 P, j# h" |2 V
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 h& h0 }: `7 `; T: ^
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ y, ~. o& r" s* r; \5 D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 o; F6 r- i* N, D7 N1 S# Q; z  J
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ V! ^2 q  D* a  A: T4 Xfemale child who might come in contact with some-
2 M! T: ~3 [4 g4 W/ y: a! qone using any of these products.
7 ~9 J! o7 N+ ]# W% {, l8 k# HReferences/ Q, o+ x1 x- T/ [: \. o% ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; k1 o7 N$ O- I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- I# v" m& d3 l4 T- r% [) i  dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 f0 m- o' B' [' J$ g- h( L2002: 565-628.5 V4 O( _) r4 ]; e" l
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& T8 ?2 x, l: a/ o- N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" }1 R) ^3 z# S( E" L" e* `Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ y# B# A8 H% D! ], {Exposure to Testosterone
7 H6 T+ b' B' gSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2& Z  ^+ E3 X$ B, l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  n7 a8 q4 z- E
Clinical Pediatrics
' a& B. t+ U" {# U( r+ ~" \0 {% u" lVolume 46 Number 6+ j( }, j4 w; b) Q9 ?+ ]3 j
July 2007 540-543
! v. r5 U# i; C- I© 2007 Sage Publications
5 n% }! x, G6 \$ @/ h7 D, J10.1177/0009922806296651
6 }" _7 r: t3 |; _% [http://clp.sagepub.com
" b8 _  a& Y* k4 V& P: b& Qhosted at$ ?) s& ^" ^; o' h8 G' H. x
http://online.sagepub.com, I" }" H: ^1 Y3 |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 R, E: W  r+ T" Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" |' ?' s! R8 S: ^- |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- X, p7 `  t8 ]& B- X/ N) ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ p" J1 m; ~: L2 X1 n1 {! ]& e  z
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# z8 {1 [' d: S7 K) mlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
6 x4 l7 h# N+ S  I# p* p+ ~6 Eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic8 k% R4 `  B& p' b( ~
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-9 t5 P( c. t9 [5 W
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 I$ x! d# B) n6 oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the8 o3 C  b' ~& j2 d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 J1 M" |: y7 r# e$ ]$ {ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# e# [7 Y  J3 M  J1 V. y+ V, r1 Jto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) `! Q/ ]& V5 z' c9 s5 a& zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 P& e# m5 T0 X' z2 e. Tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# a/ t6 X4 T; s7 A* h
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; q# [1 q: P( }
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ n: [+ _& T" X9 S2 w+ Hbly more common than the rare case report in the- W. F6 Y  {" e7 p3 j
literature.42 ?1 Y0 b  ~' k' w9 n( F8 b1 r# @; m
Patient Report
8 g" [$ [3 u* R3 T  c: PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the( w( D# C& m/ U% f  f7 i
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( J( f' y( {. v( C9 q+ `! T/ mof early sexual development. His mother noticed8 O$ }; X0 {- Y4 r, ?3 ]
light colored pubic hair development when he was
+ D& q- v- n7 eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: s2 p$ x- J1 j5 g. l9 ^6 }. OSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" R$ s, \* n, b! yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- G1 h" L5 Y4 v' a
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( Y, r8 a0 T9 [0 ^9 s$ u6 |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* ?3 h- \' b7 I$ J1 A2 u$ \e-mail: [email protected].
4 B" `2 ?8 t2 J( M' ]7 X/ Q9 cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% X+ \& w  X" K4 Q! _. X
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% x& O! n8 w) a$ }ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 [& ?' N7 R% @
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 F0 L+ S2 d2 b; m- fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
2 r4 {0 F0 d; }9 X0 N( {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
% n8 ?( a( n( Z6 P# lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 _  O/ h, R1 U
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 i3 |6 T( c$ i8 uand his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 c& Z- F' S$ m
was age appropriate.
. y- r; l) A* F6 V, O$ A5 bThe family history was remarkable for the father,& Y7 i) [3 S4 o7 x" X1 @
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 u3 s" k+ s( N$ n4 P' {& ~
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  [/ t$ [2 S$ Z7 M0 V
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ E8 J0 d) C, _: g1 E6 h' m
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- f+ }% B4 s" {) pThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 X) h# t5 ^0 H; ?6 u
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( z/ L. U( s1 B/ c) _was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet# S0 ]; [3 L0 Q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-8 L% s( x9 d5 X( d7 q/ {
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 Z9 e2 o) \  Y- u
tives. There were no siblings.9 N  u" K1 v- h1 f
Physical Examination
0 W0 N5 ^7 r8 I7 t% y; WThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 L0 ?! g/ e. j: w1 mplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- R2 L$ T0 ]+ R0 ~+ j8 z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ C2 o" ~( v* K6 ^) O' `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 Y  K/ O1 G# z+ R( @5 u(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth$ e/ g& e, q$ n$ [7 o
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
; T' H4 W& Q# T' t" {1 Wthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 ?3 X1 x$ O% B4 U- H4 MThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
- |+ [4 i. L% r5 r. R; @: A8 t1 v4 U+ Benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- b" U, D9 l" e& q+ x% F7 R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ m6 U! [4 Z( R! D8 L' M* o  Y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 L- g6 n# z" l# R8 G* Q7 N0 k* D
540" B$ z) ^5 e. ^" A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 T, W1 W* P$ y2 X4 Y6 a- f
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 K6 I) V& j' [
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* a$ O5 K& J* C1 [% i
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
, p! D5 \$ p8 t5 J/ toily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 |8 m# x; ^( H/ y
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 n% X2 G3 V! g1 Y& j3 N% d% G1 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+/ W& ~  E" n+ M$ B9 v( p* a
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 z! [& U9 w$ U2 b- X1 }7 Iof papilledema.
" c6 C, a( Y5 K- v' k6 ALaboratory Evaluation
8 L- `6 j1 {7 {) m1 w, A* z6 HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 y0 m- J9 Y  L7 U! Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( L$ w! a' G& Q* i9 clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 Y/ _$ v/ ~) e( [6 Ykaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: F3 o  ~" v) O  b4 \% l( y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-' ^8 H! R' m, |4 D( R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# ^; U3 d" G, o: i2 }The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" G+ I" F% S2 H  n2 \urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# x! Z" [* v. |1 q0 C9 Z6 }within normal range for his age. The concentration" V) l  t& \6 Z1 r' L
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% m2 v# g% R! _( V9 `! h
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& c+ M: Y0 }* `: |1 d* o4 C
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ @3 h- k8 a+ V& [6 Z( a. m
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. n5 [1 ^( c$ X8 y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 J9 M# ^/ E9 `49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 D( g: E4 s; z  ]( Fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' _" T$ ]/ o( k( e3 G  Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( z3 n6 ^: [0 j2 \6 f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ G! J& g  M3 R6 p' g) J' xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 @% W4 t7 h, n9 @5 o5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular! v9 N- M* ~$ i8 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone1 }7 `. d7 K' c  T, W1 j- h
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! Y7 s: D; J  x  C0 p8 Z! Y
(prepubertal).
  v9 _! m) t/ j& r; ^The parents were notified about the laboratory5 D1 s% K1 ?- s$ {& E
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' l5 V% ^$ s# s2 A  u" \7 y! Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
- L$ Z3 k* K/ [. @/ N5 ^, gfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- m7 }) I. a' w( t" |3 w0 T
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' W+ X) o7 A1 Y7 Y
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ C6 c; T3 \! I; c! Z+ OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the4 r+ e: ]4 K( {1 P, h& |; r" ]- h) A
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 D7 s% o, d8 @& A+ @
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 U) y; V7 }, @; W  G" Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- ^' a% K) D0 p& C7 }8 N" Q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& j# C1 y5 S! C! S- \, A1 wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
$ @: \+ ?: s! K3 a+ o9 l0 w( i# _mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( m. L1 u5 |; N' K" e- V3 j
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) c: s; m8 [6 r" `
ing frequent erections.# F: Z5 p; `6 y1 _! P* v
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 O& _5 ?$ c5 k
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 w& v5 M5 E) Rthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& J5 x' a0 G2 J( f( M/ A  NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 E1 z- E$ }* U8 M0 B: juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: z5 r# L; t/ \+ R0 I3 v0 y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
! p% f: y, o$ t8 l9 R" `3 h+ C$ ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 J/ D3 @# @- n7 D" t- q8 Q- Qto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ x  v0 f/ L+ {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; e4 u) }6 ~9 o* d4 C: u3 j5 _secondary to depression.! X5 U1 s2 O  w& n0 G5 V
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
# X! _5 K. _. _The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
/ B) [. |5 ~8 O' f/ R) W0 Nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) J/ T* h, k: v% Q' X0 rnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
/ @5 v+ s, B0 a2 H4 u* u1 qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
) `+ j* @4 M; G3 a# {. j2 gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 l( b& o9 U4 [- W7 n( ^- rwas high, he then read the product information) v: _  [- U3 g) v* \8 N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- I8 g: o# ^  p3 v; T. ~; Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: u2 u3 L. {2 `' I
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
/ b, M3 X  }: K  |5 |! |# tfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
9 ^+ L! o; K4 z3 g: S2 J9 [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 A" _) k# _5 J3 Mtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 S, k1 H/ u- k2 H& U9 {
laboratory to obtain the test.
2 @9 X, [0 Y3 V' ~# P5 h+ k8 q6 VDiscussion, a3 w: ?, o8 v' U, z1 W6 B1 B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) g9 _3 o- w9 {3 v3 m
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ D. p! R' m% M5 Q8 G: h/ `3 d% t
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 o" O9 A9 w1 R  |+ K+ s- F$ G
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 W) c, g; s' zthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-& u* t+ K  l' Y- K2 I1 I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( o$ u+ e* T. n3 k# |5 Z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. ~. p# i$ p7 B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. M3 P6 `; E1 w  k7 w: d
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-; V! \5 N8 A& r+ |1 ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- a8 W' k2 s/ m: q" K0 N  S8 R" P% @boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-% O  ]6 O  q4 D+ z- ?9 }; U
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( ]7 o- R, K0 [0 ^! [$ E& x7 V  prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( m, T8 m$ C  I. Igonadotropins.1,36 R6 `* D8 P3 w& L6 M% D
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) d! e  P- E0 e4 H1 B& ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 G, z6 Y0 \, S! x2 C& X- w1 F
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" D; j- ?! h% s& a6 B4 N3 gexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( s& }& N, t9 P  v$ }3 y3 }
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% }* T8 q3 @6 K7 I  g
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 ^/ {. V( o% H% W5 m; l/ B* p
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 u4 Z# l: ~, C8 D( l( i
puberty in boys.3,4
+ f+ K: l# C$ ^: ^: iThe most common form of congenital adrenal
' t. {+ g% V" x/ Z% H# }+ }hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% B: ~) s4 |" J& zThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 u; l2 |( a9 c2 Z5 b+ m
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 z& |" G3 v: n" u. m) o# e# M0 w( fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 }8 z8 `: C6 _! c% a: [) m6 Fexcess.1,3
  G/ r! Q+ p* R- W' l; G" fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) d. g2 D1 e. F542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
1 X3 k/ K6 M; v# B; h4 O5 UA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 M8 J& y5 p/ V( findependent precocious puberty, which is also known
! V6 t1 ?+ A: qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ B1 n; Y6 K0 g5 h4 f" J) C5 c4 E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, h$ f  q, E8 Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,+ E' a& k5 i% @" X
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! V* `" Y! F9 o' b: a7 swith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 o) T# q4 R( A4 v$ ~8 \, C8 Hare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show, ~$ b% d3 I3 v1 v9 ]) P# H
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ O3 w/ X" ~/ L( ^0 m- o8 A5 s0 X# f; K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' C; Y7 Z! ^% m" mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 o% L7 B( m" B/ j% ]  ^& d
males; therefore, other male members of the family6 o; v- K* p) I+ `* n4 D
may have similar precocious puberty.3& ~6 o; q2 m5 {) m1 ?7 f* z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-# h* B1 k1 {& [* s/ V
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) H' A' R% B% y$ Z0 F* U7 J) x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 N! S$ r  B5 h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father, z0 T! Q/ x1 v5 L; a
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,1 ?0 w! ]( ~) T* O
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 J: ~4 q" [: j5 Ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. m( _- b9 g0 }ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" X- O0 ]! ^6 o% z9 g
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
9 r  c2 e: n+ k% j+ o. P7 c. g& ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 v; ]- b0 z6 a( U- O! vdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) `* o  Q5 U' \5 u( v. ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.1 Y# H1 P9 t4 t4 y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% V; u7 m; X9 Z4 [, O
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: n8 A- K. r2 Bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% |: A$ |; ~- _9 s6 d& ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 D8 H# Y8 c5 E- H
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( {$ F/ n" _6 S' N) A# F$ g* g
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
% `1 P3 j. D1 c  ~) ~. o* A# |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’* g+ Y/ c$ _2 [7 `6 f; z6 T: R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 m; h6 d" `# m; |/ ^; v" Ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  f( L( s, o' J/ A0 {! ~, h. ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
) Y! N, t/ F) s" {4 q4 `- KSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the, g. u0 v" ~1 j% r& X; E4 m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 E' I7 D# \4 v7 ?" ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ Z, z8 ^7 |9 j$ r! \# ?/ D# n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-- R9 R% z' s* L! }5 S0 f3 S6 q4 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. A% ^( ^& O5 [4 ~Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% T. o" g2 G2 z* a! @" G5 f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ h  J  N8 v" Y9 S$ O: |
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-0 l' y4 ?6 z; L( h( j
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more6 c. `' W  g+ d+ O7 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone% `7 M& I- ^" k- ~& D# z
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
) y2 [; Z* y2 `( h# Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 {/ ]6 y, Y" i6 ?: `. U
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% x; C1 ?/ f' X/ r9 A/ t1 nchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 q+ g/ e- z# x7 Z9 eadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ o% _6 V) s2 ^- |% n1 `( l( P  k! b) [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ y: o% |1 F$ B& \) W1 v& u5 G/ H3 ~early childhood on pubertal development and final
+ X- ?5 d1 w) k0 t4 w6 J# B! M  t! y9 vadult height are not fully known and always remain$ C  P6 o6 _* g  X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 I; g6 Q: Q! U6 f. s) T$ s
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% I8 f% X0 \! p  x4 g
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  p; G6 G5 W3 H* W& l* l. Xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 ~5 `5 z* _' jdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9+ }8 y4 H' J0 ]6 _; ]7 N# \
There are conflicting reports and controversy9 |1 T7 _8 \& F5 `9 U6 ]* T
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* ?/ H1 J" i- t* gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 Z+ _, @" P$ G0 |2 P7 o7 o) R0 ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' X! q7 o! `" Y2 x; U+ L6 ?" ?8 u
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% u# _, p1 D9 y3 j; kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 u: K2 D2 T4 x: o7 `& n0 _: ochildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 f3 c9 |2 T/ G# g0 n" R) X0 Mpenile length in clinical studies.
* U4 U% W9 }# MNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' J9 z6 w% u. a8 _  [- x5 o2 l
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 ?' A4 }6 e+ J# q$ g( k! E
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because- m1 _: X# w. P; ]% l
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
0 O; y3 f. E: ^' w, ]2 WAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
) U$ u4 z, ~: y5 j. qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at- \* _% X4 ^4 G* [8 n& f
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! i. G7 k& o) @8 E# f
height will not be affected.
7 L- H& O8 W% y* D. m  N" Z7 f7 V" MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
1 q) J% T% Q5 `ability of androgen products in our society may2 G; O: s' L/ @, ?- s7 u$ t3 c5 m4 ?
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ E$ G% I) T: l1 f
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ o+ J- [: g$ @; N6 N7 s7 ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-+ n3 m' J8 o- }' f- T3 x* H8 l
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 U3 V4 ]' g# q8 y2 j: E3 M: ?" igel should be asked of the family members during6 Z4 S8 o/ F4 z' t) B
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
7 c; t$ A* G7 o7 l/ Iilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 }* N, H" X5 x1 |3 f0 @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- e1 P# ?  z/ \4 X* p7 r$ C7 L
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& j/ Z8 n0 I* _" k) i6 j) v! f( t/ j8 n
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 p; _9 a3 S/ x: u( Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 j' ~7 t* _: t/ U% H
investigation. The primary care physician should be6 G) N0 K- l8 h0 R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ {0 q. |! z9 o0 _may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
; ]$ O% h( O/ D8 mDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 h( N  N9 e5 q2 wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 X, h; s7 k0 l, |) m8 A$ ]
female child who might come in contact with some-' Q8 d: R; k* J2 [
one using any of these products.
% w* a; H" e8 V( i" k* D/ l( {2 A+ F  tReferences; j$ l( Y8 Y  \" M/ h" L
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' o  C) t# A" _/ ?  R3 z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
8 _  Q# S% `# S/ z1 \: tEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* K- L" F/ x& H
2002: 565-628.
9 ~$ s" s. R0 {/ H# Q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 B. x0 c" T, C8 Y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

5 S5 O' a" B. u7 _% X6 N) H精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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