- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old+ R+ C2 p0 C5 I7 g, G
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! K8 O, i% I* c$ Y N
Exposure to Testosterone% w' }/ }: v) H* u9 ^% I, B
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- x, D% T/ j1 b6 Pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 i* s" H; O: ^0 u1 e! e. b
Clinical Pediatrics
/ x; B5 J x; X+ E" NVolume 46 Number 6
7 ?, u6 Z1 b: N0 e& |July 2007 540-5438 x1 a! ^9 \$ h9 d3 U
© 2007 Sage Publications% p9 N$ y9 ^0 k; o! U5 i: O1 F+ i) Q
10.1177/0009922806296651# o; i# ?7 d( Q3 M% Y
http://clp.sagepub.com0 V5 P7 ?$ H2 H4 R
hosted at
0 a' i" o' O+ q4 b: _/ ^http://online.sagepub.com
% ]8 J: E/ Z1 W5 [9 aPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 r$ q$ n0 h- Y( C% V+ Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central& n2 q' f/ u# O( E6 K" G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated, M4 W3 P1 G! @
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 V" U9 f4 o# y0 q3 ]( {a higher incidence of organic central nervous system; k* f e& l- O4 d& c0 X
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ i3 M) H' m8 ~" a
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 w" E8 Y7 P; ^% \. `hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) w" s4 K' ~" @3 k! Q" k- lcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 z0 ]; k3 r, {- Z- G& q% d, ^4 w, ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" a) T- U1 Z; ~# \( Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! ]# R9 y4 M' }& P$ g$ S& K' rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) i: t! t- S1 Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by: N% g: }1 x: S+ S/ f
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 z+ b3 N ? k) U% ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 M5 |$ V9 R) u: m2 \" w8 P+ L0 e# l) p$ Rchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 |* @# c" n5 y7 v* v6 a+ `testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 V. f* ^6 Z* M7 Z: F
bly more common than the rare case report in the( H5 T) {/ u* N- ~: R
literature.43 }! ?# ?$ r: F( U2 q6 E6 s
Patient Report- W8 c) S1 d2 ^9 ]
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the% j) k/ T4 {6 c3 f1 l/ O4 t
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 t0 w. m/ m6 j0 {3 Cof early sexual development. His mother noticed3 m6 M0 }: T# y& s" | x: j
light colored pubic hair development when he was, g. b f0 [. O, @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. i2 `6 M9 j2 d% v" F4 S
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( [: ^; ?& t/ L& H2 v/ [Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' \0 {; \. m" W" jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& d$ i5 d& q5 q" U
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. B+ b6 F5 Z/ e$ }
e-mail: [email protected].
+ M, J9 b" A7 A8 v6 Y, B7 oabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# W3 A/ t, V, }- Gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% ]+ M9 c' X% Y+ W+ M9 p: v- i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& }2 P ~5 ^2 Owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ W8 s& \& C. l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 P- ]2 v4 V' `5 I% \ u: J6 |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 I8 y: u; e- B+ J) W) }of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ }5 l" k5 x( {% J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* Z; \- D/ K* F) Band his psychosocial and psychomotor development- e: F8 t+ p" D) P7 N
was age appropriate., z/ b- i# E9 a" C% U
The family history was remarkable for the father,6 a& {- b; v# H- L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,; f8 p/ N5 T4 U! I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: d7 X- X0 m! |; J+ p; `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. k, M+ ?. |( F. w- t8 R* Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
3 ]3 d9 j& R" g' y) E0 H! rThe father denied taking any other medication. The' o1 H& N/ w# y$ C7 T0 K; ]
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 w2 s! H: I" h) |% I+ b
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
+ V+ g1 e+ }# M3 n5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% L! _7 W" l2 L jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! L: Q; J9 o7 [4 dtives. There were no siblings.
9 Z4 g0 l$ M$ L! \' d' APhysical Examination, E) u) G( r% P# i+ w
The physical examination revealed a very active,% L1 _0 z$ C' [$ s
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented( ~' v1 w$ K5 V. |6 X. ]. v$ [8 U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) B( L4 z: N! y& Z/ `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg8 h$ g5 ?0 Q/ B5 d% C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth ~ p2 q4 H, h9 k
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! z) n! P5 s( Z8 Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
" `' @, |( J W8 \/ s* P& ZThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" q/ c- P9 S6 W6 v7 d0 yenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of9 t( W1 @: G6 ]( a8 x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 n Q" V- Z+ [+ ?: h L( p: M
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( y( G7 N% g' J( H k540' O6 A$ q3 R7 e+ e `
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* d+ t% C# w9 |' e/ y" e
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 Q% Z! D5 ?5 T$ u* {" y0 K0 X3 Otesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
( R4 D4 m0 s; W6 q; r) WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ z, h; o- T* _oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; p1 S7 x8 {. X+ P1 B3 z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 g, \6 ^( g2 B9 d6 e% y, W7 h
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 Y# p+ g0 ~- t6 ^+ xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* g( L. n4 J& p' K1 S7 kof papilledema.* K% N, F D- G" e% n# K. ~, _6 A
Laboratory Evaluation/ w+ o, K, R5 i" ^
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( t- r i. d* W. ~4 L! Y0 l. z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 L+ q' H9 D- Mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# P! Q) {3 T- ?5 B; V* qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' P3 a, X9 z7 Y+ e+ Z3 J9 J+ W4 Tshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 S' W3 k3 p' {2 O7 v8 _lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 Z8 E# e, K4 W4 X; ^0 @8 I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ o6 z. d I3 r e. g( n$ turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 X6 o. C8 \$ b- x4 ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& U; `9 t) w: y; ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
4 B1 G% u9 h% v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ \% B9 ?! q: b- M
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 W/ B- ]! Z1 c8 _+ z7 i% |# Iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( q/ T9 x; m5 K) U. V/ Tdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* t& Z1 z- k' f; b, B49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 Z. ^; I: I! S6 R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* s9 l" v/ e$ D! Ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total! B: D4 S7 W+ D- H1 O [" a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
G! L8 g u; e, Eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' I z4 M# L, G$ d; f1 s3 }
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular) X* u- r8 N7 b( K9 B+ p; N- D
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
9 F( k3 r# i) O; _6 ~concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ l: A6 V2 ]' e" R2 ?+ ^
(prepubertal).' |* D3 B% i( Y! I( B
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 \8 v4 Q. ~; w: W) S/ m
results and were informed that all of the tests were
( H6 v& A$ I3 ]normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ D) \" g' j/ H0 q Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& v$ \$ M7 @( Z1 z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-7 g% L6 _1 ]- b+ R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 V; l8 D6 y, c2 `& Z. W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) U9 J) u# u+ a
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ T. }5 `; f3 e, ?: T7 B5 R
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained d" C! D5 [5 ]% w5 E9 H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 }9 r: j3 V, y5 opletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at" m* l& u9 @( Y( r2 K9 ^
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& O: M( ?2 M o" hmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" m' m; l* Y9 C9 b" c% u. TThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( y4 U( P1 Q! c( Z# y9 @2 P" r+ Ding frequent erections.8 U; f* Z' I k- z; x) W
Both parents were again questioned about use of8 A, E) j5 h% a0 L$ {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to# {, z; C4 e1 q( F( k G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
' i! ]" V9 a0 x, ?4 oTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
8 d0 x; G8 C1 |- `$ |: Uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( @* r# C8 r4 J' v) j8 D3 _ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 Z0 r) t3 n% f% |3 Na year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
/ y, X0 _. N( s, @- C. G, Rto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-/ K6 t% s! U; d4 |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
- |& R5 Q( S Z; Ksecondary to depression.9 H( Y# B& T6 S
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. [* x u4 S5 A8 B9 P
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ L* s3 h- w; {4 [3 C9 d
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# f4 G; g( @5 anificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 q' B! b/ v0 \$ V$ rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,* X0 y" M2 I2 O( q# _' u+ d
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby, m6 j% _6 h% I' x6 q7 G5 W [
was high, he then read the product information
7 y! d5 T @# d8 Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 E/ A2 y6 H- J `
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( W1 j$ V( v5 G9 l3 c2 K+ @$ ~0 R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. _6 c- S/ ?) q" hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* R* b1 e# }( S. w. M5 Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 f1 b. ?# b* N7 e
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 B* s) Y% Y1 c( @) c, k$ K
laboratory to obtain the test.
& A- d2 c$ E4 w' z6 F) j' yDiscussion! ~- [# C) e* t( Z, R+ D' O& d1 S, @
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% X; S( p9 y ?
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 @' e) y7 R0 ? d
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 j2 ^; [$ q4 Q* v- m' y. |
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. }+ d- @, ?% `; f6 M
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-! A. e# i& o$ |
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& m3 z4 n/ D) x5 R, B9 ]0 u( V- kmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) N1 ^7 U9 @( i( X8 }3 P1 T
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! T& ~3 V/ L. {0 n7 D* @( G% t, ?, Famic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' o+ F$ z; i% N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- D- ^: ]( K/ `boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
& u& I8 Q7 y; n: ?ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet- ]8 X. {. o- \
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) `, d/ G# a F4 A
gonadotropins.1,3
; x8 v, x" u6 P/ F. ~$ ~& BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
8 y! `, G* r0 Q# r: hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: b# `; Z9 @& @# z7 v% n
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 U2 h8 F3 M& C n6 w! Lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 s1 \# a* j+ B0 Julation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! Q. h5 A1 [- i) t) t5 Gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive. b5 R! }% v( [# k- D
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ X5 n: j4 L0 s Y5 _# O
puberty in boys.3,4 B' o" H: {& j/ }- a
The most common form of congenital adrenal( `) z0 ?1 p8 Z1 u) O5 w
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% O+ h8 a5 y1 s( P+ |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
7 h5 i/ R" j- j: d5 i( xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
, c- |) ?- E# k+ e+ ]an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ s4 b$ Y* o) ^, b
excess.1,3
$ c0 [) H8 `7 J7 r8 Y% oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( g! b: T' r* \0 S [. O542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' t ?2 B5 L, e6 C+ ]A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) T0 Y4 ~ b% A' G& Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 t# w/ M4 s7 L) X; tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ e6 v6 r8 g' j7 c4 o" `5 Rvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
& Y" s# F2 B1 H0 [7 K* L3 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,/ @$ L0 g- v1 O6 {0 B; b* K4 f* [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys* F+ ] ^) _8 i& i+ V' c
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' s/ L: v* ~0 `2 n4 e+ j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' B1 \. ~6 g. n" j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" m3 L/ n& W* V+ D. d6 g4 [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 Z: G9 j' v8 Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only! W6 D8 @3 i1 s- ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family
+ A) M q; H9 e4 ?3 `2 @may have similar precocious puberty.3! z0 j* y) d$ o7 e$ p
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
) v) d- W/ b; d5 i# \5 qsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ B. V" }- [& @; ~! mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Z `5 O8 Q, P5 a4 i X% R3 C
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) n$ V8 z! B# p1 j: ?, l- }( Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 ]$ K9 [- S" y# {testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' e) i5 Y! B; J& K2 e& cbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
9 l0 d) u+ t9 \) Z4 Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 T2 z* m7 [; i( [" M+ hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 [% I0 \! X& K7 E" D' V- teither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 p# i4 J8 ?4 _3 g& ] Udeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 P3 n& B, L8 K9 [! B8 D7 bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 m$ f; D2 ]) t0 I" B$ v6 w
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly7 E/ l. g; ^/ K) ~! d- r$ j+ ?* w! `
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
' j) z+ L+ v: @1 f7 X6 Ythe physical examination revealed the complete disap-! E5 s; Y- p4 X* t% q2 a
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 m8 F) H, X5 G0 F4 w
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-/ M! x3 z4 J% I
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) U0 O& Q& X+ m) W+ S
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 [6 @0 W% y5 a- Z* T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or2 p. |# L4 I' ]6 v8 {$ i6 \( I# ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ @( ]/ w2 a" y6 A; bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.3 J* [ i0 h6 W$ e0 c3 x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 l/ C- T$ Z, T e+ \baseline value in those females who were exposed to
9 O; {7 z6 G( p* Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( I/ [" R( G9 j5 t4 R. o
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-7 e# o1 e" u4 Q1 Z5 y; r# Z( c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# | j9 x' ?- D2 ?5 g
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
" m" T3 g/ W: R* P4 S5 ]which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 k, S/ }. U( v$ }3 O
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 `. z; \- ^) r; v, S& C5 qterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more0 g2 X3 S' X4 P, p8 P
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 e8 ~2 \0 E. ^( l
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 U: E" t, n3 n1 D( q8 B( ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
6 L( Y" v% W8 y+ J) Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
7 Q1 J9 S8 m$ z9 f9 u# G( ^children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& C% @2 d! h2 w# A$ y7 H5 yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 I: T, g& c+ t
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during' y, _+ W9 U% _& g" E( d* }
early childhood on pubertal development and final8 a. [1 M: t; i3 ]' o/ l
adult height are not fully known and always remain+ N* X) f( C7 X- H9 j- y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- \- z, F. b% |% B N' ~* K; M6 S9 r1 xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 A: _1 S! x& q. ?6 b9 u( B7 p7 W
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, L& Z0 {: T# f' j/ Z
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. w4 Z3 ]' T# @4 t+ P" x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" {! V0 @7 }+ d. n$ i- fThere are conflicting reports and controversy
% s! V# `& v& M% k# i% gover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( h9 ?- d5 f% l6 e. ]1 }8 b1 ^7 Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- X' e) z" l) E. X2 S
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ R- U( S9 G- P) `0 @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: L# @. H0 F5 q! i: d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 A {' e! P- ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 r W6 {4 z/ V# F
penile length in clinical studies.
$ n( ?. J- b2 `) G7 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' X2 m/ ] S. ^1 ] T. }* kgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from- ~4 @9 X! U! H: r5 L* n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
! g4 @' |4 N6 `+ U9 Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
# R; B4 ~2 ` e3 [+ g3 RAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
) |1 W8 a& s) u' s: Wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at7 M5 Q: [5 y' M5 Y- }$ p! Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult5 y+ h6 |/ H, {2 O" C2 r
height will not be affected.4 p, m: h" B# v7 f8 A% z4 N/ ` c
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 p# b g- [* O+ d
ability of androgen products in our society may2 f+ R3 M5 K5 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female f5 F# W7 {7 j. H; K) ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 u& B) w* j, U! f: i( |
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- K! o8 W* m; I
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
1 Q q C( C: c# C7 T r3 Mgel should be asked of the family members during
8 q9 o `( S4 Y9 sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" N! N: G# T# n: h4 ?1 ^ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-; \# Z! q4 g5 V8 N: R
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by, P& B+ h' c$ B+ H
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" Z/ M+ _1 H! `( w5 F2 v3 s5 U3 `( Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
8 y$ [. N6 f [/ |8 N& W c8 yresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive h1 T* ?2 b& H5 K3 |& ^. P/ M
investigation. The primary care physician should be$ }4 P, j# h" |2 V
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 h& h0 }: `7 `; T: ^
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ y, ~. o& r" s* r; \5 D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a0 o; F6 r- i* N, D7 N1 S# Q; z J
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
$ V! ^2 q D* a A: T4 Xfemale child who might come in contact with some-
2 M! T: ~3 [4 g4 W/ y: a! qone using any of these products.
7 ~9 J! o7 N+ ]# W% {, l8 k# HReferences/ Q, o+ x1 x- T/ [: \. o% ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; k1 o7 N$ O- I
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- I# v" m& d3 l4 T- r% [) i dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 f0 m- o' B' [' J$ g- h( L2002: 565-628.5 V4 O( _) r4 ]; e" l
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& T8 ?2 x, l: a/ o- N
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|