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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" J( w# g) Y0 m( a. Yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 g4 \* _2 L5 y' mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: @6 F* S- N0 J# \a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* g9 p% ^0 T4 s
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& C) E) ^+ r( m! m' G+ Y  zby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 P- X& h$ K1 }hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 ]3 I9 Z1 e5 C# G( N& _cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' X& N: S2 I7 u& b) m
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; ?6 t: b; c+ {( E, x$ r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
8 `- B) {6 B/ `' I$ F+ vment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; r! w3 d4 e6 Z- s5 y5 ?3 zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 {8 F0 B$ N& I2 ~3 I+ N. Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-+ }( F* O1 P+ R' Z4 |8 T+ ?2 x: a; a
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
. F2 w8 |- j1 cchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 q4 I1 @! U& z& t" r# z, c5 f2 \
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
2 u/ F# j" G3 p/ I9 N# Q( ^5 wbly more common than the rare case report in the: b* V& N6 W. h" z" V0 ~0 M+ i
literature.4# Q' `2 K$ p! Q7 n6 C6 F7 n7 E
Patient Report
/ L; h' \% o+ m2 q. o3 c: cA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
8 y4 _/ _+ e3 r$ q4 A$ sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ V9 q8 D  A5 M4 s  w' Hof early sexual development. His mother noticed  s% N. K- O6 e  z. E" t. F) u
light colored pubic hair development when he was4 J) M: [' q1 ?
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" b  t% k3 d# q8 Z( l, n( j" c
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) }9 A6 |  @, u2 K9 ~6 w, H
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
3 s# i1 j1 W+ m( |+ y- w, Z4 ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  {+ H( {) z5 iMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
0 o/ }2 {" _3 [9 ~. l1 [+ b1 he-mail: [email protected].
/ U! t/ I3 I8 C: S+ \- iabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
# Z5 }' D. V0 n3 k% [* ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 x8 ^/ H$ |+ Y& E9 u; y( Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, {3 Z/ w; ~' u/ X: m( Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  z' p' G  U9 @) w9 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
  b' v: w, g9 Y) v- P4 c9 ~9 i: {4 O20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
6 R# ]3 D" M" k  kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 p' ]$ T3 ~8 F0 U( z$ rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ {5 N/ b' R" ]! kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
& |) i3 k/ D) P, U* f& Fwas age appropriate.
% d# @& D9 u9 K2 K. m; F$ E, \The family history was remarkable for the father,
( E/ R6 J* u0 G+ ^6 e6 twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,3 `9 ~) [: K. e' F2 C+ k# o
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ m" U3 x) u6 n" Q4 [
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ l4 M1 c' a; E3 l- ?7 u# Searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ Z8 o) S$ M, a* z4 W- z% D. EThe father denied taking any other medication. The& b; i" o  T( P
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- G/ _. `: a- w# R: E' I7 e6 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet- k0 \0 n( w; F! g% L
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" U* \# n& W( z0 xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 j. H8 q7 g2 E6 r/ P/ jtives. There were no siblings.& O5 ^7 F9 I+ S2 W
Physical Examination
4 p9 n8 ]0 @: B1 L- }The physical examination revealed a very active,: P# D, N' ]+ m* @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 N; P1 o7 P2 o
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was/ J9 J; k5 h7 K' q; L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
, d! @  ?+ l4 M) K(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! Q+ n& c8 R& l5 _9 X$ x( Q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% U" B" X2 `0 c; \0 l
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ A. |+ A9 _4 A* B7 F3 c3 e: @/ ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 Q0 k. V0 J  I) [# E9 ]2 Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" {$ s$ I$ M2 \" e0 N: ?8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) X# O; L0 n( w; i
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
4 p5 d$ R. q+ S* S7 j5 c540! d- h6 z1 k/ p6 ^! Y
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 }5 a, f: `8 M! m6 O6 Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% r! x# x0 e  }# H3 R" Dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.: Z) s( x6 ]6 [) C2 ^& v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 [3 r; l0 X0 T2 a' poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no4 p* ~2 N+ }) w- g, ~) `. e, ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 C/ d' O5 z2 P# R- c2 DNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, J; x2 d  ]" I. R" b" Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ j$ Q+ O& D6 j: Z$ S+ e& i# Q* b. d' H* Jof papilledema.
, J. l( F: e' o+ _9 e' b2 ULaboratory Evaluation- ]+ r: [! S8 \3 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! I. [  n$ |, o; ~$ x, Zusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. z7 g4 e0 f0 a" i7 N  F
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal3 @* e0 @- u8 q0 }
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ w! m1 I# k: z, W6 o
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 }7 j* e4 \" olating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) X; }" G( w) `  s, F7 m8 v9 b1 n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% {) c! i3 V( g, C8 `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& C. J3 Q# Z9 n, D! S* xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration9 A  _* H, M# G' [2 ]' n
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
3 _7 Q8 d& e) X; A( n; f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  J  x' M4 {; A; e+ `' X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-% j, H9 t( Z7 G
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
" j. j  M: W5 Ydesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) \% W4 H( ~; k6 G  Q1 Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 T( ^1 q( [) `4 C& _. R3 x  Z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; M1 x& v) `! _: `6 {) s/ Gtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* }, ?" U# h7 |5 Z# xtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ F7 U( M' f  b6 H
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  {  G0 @& Z- ^; s0 w2 J5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( a9 z* E. \, n5 `) astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 z. S2 }. W& f" J9 o4 B6 }  ?concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 A) `! R+ j5 L(prepubertal).
! ?" J% l1 M+ S5 X( h; nThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ u% O5 d. l2 k' k' h* a; W7 V
results and were informed that all of the tests were
0 r( |) W8 b# i3 Gnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 b5 |4 q2 K$ K+ m' W( Ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 @' ~2 Q9 t( A7 J3 J
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
- m4 n+ M# u1 l. z, z& m# Hever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( q! H- U! k  l# o: B, U% Y- g$ ?( lPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) y$ y6 D6 a4 f/ C2 tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  [4 E% l; O/ p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 M* t- c$ d* f. Iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
/ p( u1 d, o' R# z  tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 ^" Y2 @6 t# u0 ^9 G1 S0 O  tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 q$ I9 f4 x# ^& ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 K* M2 ?' l7 K
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, ?3 ?! e) f  y, {  A
ing frequent erections.+ e3 \- Y/ k# T5 a8 o! S! z* d0 D' V
Both parents were again questioned about use of, l2 b! F0 U1 `8 \2 p- k
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 ^' A# f4 F8 _2 z, C& [9 uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; N: v/ D/ K; K+ I- uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; A; A( f+ c0 t) r8 G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. _- w# J! r: J* Jing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" b, _. W* X9 k4 A8 Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 E* G# ^8 l+ z2 l: n3 k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" D1 u/ V/ g* T: T: Q/ D! wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 n, i( Y, {  P6 [5 l) `6 Zsecondary to depression.3 X+ M0 `5 x; \; l. n; C
The child slept in the same bed with parents.; }+ q) [! h2 [' Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ Y2 l4 l1 ]: w$ mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
- G- B2 [# e+ p0 U. Nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* Y5 \: H2 g/ `5 O$ FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,' r9 F2 j% y8 Y  |, K
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& ~% U, U! l  c7 J5 Iwas high, he then read the product information9 w$ B. A% r9 a2 i$ C* U: O6 r  h, n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
) I1 n8 r* D- lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& J6 ?! G- v/ _1 [% Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 Y: m" c1 U) J, {: s6 j# D' p9 @. _
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
: f3 Q7 D6 z, \3 _$ `4 V2 g6 Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 o( r# O3 Z! I- p6 h. ntest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 K3 a: ?: o; I$ p; [; c- |2 B8 Elaboratory to obtain the test.1 ^. J1 X0 u# O. }9 D& F
Discussion/ N+ X3 Z1 A2 h8 W
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( P' Z6 E# c" a% ]& d) d4 [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* b4 L6 S, L* B) m& w  DPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 I/ X4 w- l. s2 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 c7 C: g: q3 K- Q+ Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ t) g1 N5 k! {, ^' _& rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP# _* S! ^. j% Y+ }
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 g/ F& P& ]" l( o4 u: `2 Xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 v  z6 N7 v7 j8 A3 kamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-+ T, q( D2 r  V9 T( c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& Y( c7 b2 d# M; Q/ y! Qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& @1 i9 U+ ~! V4 Z! G' {) m1 C
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" l& Q- C" H& O; h4 y
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. E  q/ m) G5 ^
gonadotropins.1,3! \. n, ^7 J' `3 W9 U
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
" @0 M3 \/ l/ @' Fcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) a  p( O: ~, u, i* A0 W, }
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" O; R# F% ]5 @5 n
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-/ H5 ?" P, {  C$ Z9 H/ ?1 H( g
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- t/ q: n8 N+ @; |$ Ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- y5 _$ {$ T+ b. o  u
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 u& A3 X& Q7 T% T
puberty in boys.3,4# q2 A$ U, K7 V  E8 P
The most common form of congenital adrenal  D1 H$ j7 Q" D, L- x$ H5 ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 m4 a/ R) j9 G( s3 W1 y- i# rThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& I( E5 L5 }& v1 [  kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
# \1 M5 i& n! `: q0 j5 Fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
- w1 R6 V( g7 L" y0 Yexcess.1,3: ^2 u  P: ~- d- b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' _. @: B0 ~5 ~5 n) S$ M0 Y
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
  T: S+ A) z1 Q  fA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 r  W3 t% v: I( V* e
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 W3 {9 F4 |% w7 N$ T! P9 ^% ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 ^9 q# W  ?3 T) overy young age. The physical findings in these boys
% n6 d$ @& A9 m1 m' Owith this disorder are full pubertal development,
% ?9 |: d( L  `' ]  }+ oincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ W$ N0 d' ^- f8 B
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
' l5 [$ d- n. l8 r) iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; k9 s/ d  Q. }
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" `! b1 h' T0 r6 }+ a, F
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: k7 U& Q2 D, ?( L( y* o$ f
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only/ a( Q3 v& i/ o( Q1 b9 V
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ D$ O  R8 ^4 k# W7 B  I, K+ kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
0 g8 a0 k. f, A0 H+ {; E: J- s8 }In our patient, physical examination was incon-2 P) |, J: Y9 M' Z8 Z2 O( x8 I
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
; q& o( l6 f8 o, c5 L1 J  ncles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 i" s( T6 \& p
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ a; ^) {8 s: ~3 }. `  V0 tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- M' ^% T4 b5 e2 @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# p# `8 j1 }, c1 [- Gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% }5 i( t# E+ G5 |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our* S- M% O+ p; E9 K! }# L
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, ?% h  T3 n/ M: A; R& n
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ E! n. p6 g5 x; }
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 Q7 U1 g4 L. x( C  m( H" d; t$ U
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 Y2 d. A) q! f# \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ D4 e- |" [2 V7 `, K4 \' O  G4 }8 A8 ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. D$ M# U  l3 V, [- U8 U$ z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; }5 r3 r* Y0 L8 j5 \- D7 f- qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 J0 M4 E% M" Adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ S* @5 }3 A4 S8 Bterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 L: q; V: A3 Y. S3 ~/ U" Ausing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
, N3 K3 n4 y) R2 t1 }* b2 cDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 k, c; Q; M: F+ j1 O6 h4 Y
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
! j2 W' W% R. ?, D- w4 x; ?5 ]unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 C7 ]& Z3 ?+ e( H( K( x1 NSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 t. G  M" L+ [+ t' K$ W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, ?% t  u9 ^4 i5 d, feven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" S- Z. m# @, z2 d$ a9 Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-2 o1 b3 n' u9 ?% R: V$ q  r
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* I8 e( T9 H0 F4 u: y& n9 j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,3 F  h  ?0 H! H3 a( ?/ e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' b; l0 e' h5 `5 `5 c
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 z  ?7 b0 I: @4 l+ X6 r
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! q/ s# |) J# ~( [2 }- }7 P* Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
* J% f6 f0 s% l8 T( U$ {+ T2 ~exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 R* ~& G: d% h, J! I. g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 k8 P4 l* K6 ~/ i" l: [virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 c) ], q' q& O. Y6 l8 x8 o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and$ D/ i1 d4 W! u! k' \$ E3 u+ i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% k, T/ F% m6 L* P( K  w6 \  h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 O1 h: Z% P: C  ]) ~! ]/ cearly childhood on pubertal development and final" V$ p; z  Q% @
adult height are not fully known and always remain
7 G, D( w' Y8 W$ Ka concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: F" ^7 F% W7 z) f; L7 Q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ J) T* N# N0 H2 M& _7 N4 Qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" r& X4 ?) |+ v
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 B2 K/ b8 w0 s' k8 T" g  G5 o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9" R& i" L: d5 N9 T, S/ b7 p  t
There are conflicting reports and controversy# R$ v+ d3 a* ?3 ~
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ l' v* z: _. L' N. [: L7 |penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& h5 `9 ~( @  I
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
# T+ a+ Q% N, y4 w( P" f! e7 uulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* a: N0 L+ @0 G: V0 OSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
) q! u" t$ v  j' v0 ^1 qchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
. p+ k0 E! W5 `  N7 Dpenile length in clinical studies.
0 @) O& X  w" k1 y5 fNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ {! h* j) }# C( z4 D" Y0 o7 {going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ g- i# i/ V( ]. ~
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# l" E& h% H7 B; t  j7 o" wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.8 }+ s  V6 P3 |$ c# G) Q8 k) ^
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* O+ n% r7 I9 [0 X1 X
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: P# m" ^9 o! p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult, ?* v, |  D: c
height will not be affected.
5 q8 r: H7 M9 B: P) C% v' wAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# Q$ R+ u% Y$ Jability of androgen products in our society may3 ?5 h: z  m4 J  w  v  u. V% ?+ Y8 B
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
$ X8 E% B9 s; H9 \) a; Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# h  `& p# A) p0 K- cgen products must be considered and specific ques-5 R4 \- v% {) B  h$ S! S. p
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or1 c: D. E  K: _
gel should be asked of the family members during( X/ D, J/ ?, C0 t6 [3 y. T0 K
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 ^. e/ W2 t5 c# S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ H1 r2 C8 u: D# b" q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
* B; U$ |9 d) G5 U7 v/ o4 h( zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' g  Z: J4 p- ]" L! i' z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, V: f# u8 B+ W- x+ _$ H  `& dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive4 c1 e! t' P" r
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ c5 }0 f5 h& I# y6 f, ^
aware of this fact, because most of these children
) _$ r7 V% `6 ^  c0 t; I) gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 e$ N' v0 R8 r/ n* [- g, _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a5 D9 [1 k( A" o; g- R. }9 s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 ?" o4 m+ y+ e, @( D* `5 n
female child who might come in contact with some-
# m' K/ y5 ]* S- b* p/ x0 bone using any of these products.2 u/ M  }7 \- b9 d8 ^3 }  Y1 c
References
5 @6 L7 r0 o$ O1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 L. m. A- i9 }+ x9 Sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  v9 F; C( B( c" YEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) r3 Z  p+ Y) w. ?2 [1 o
2002: 565-628.
, l7 u6 x' L& L4 K2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 D- m! a- n$ E7 y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal9 l* h8 V; |$ a- ~
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! j; V' {5 y% s1 v# P- I0 K5 QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543
1 ]- W6 O' A$ uareas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
3 N. u" N1 }' N% X; `2001;90:751-756.+ s5 p( {1 X- B
3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.
8 d/ r6 b- `$ c  LPediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel" ?: L$ b; y. o
Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.( L4 A* u: ^1 c; Q) v
4. Yu YM, Punyasavatsu N, Elder D, D’Ercole AJ. Sexual
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
% i1 Z4 `6 J; X& o, r% H. `' H
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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